ORANGI PILOT PROJECT
RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE (OPP-RTI)
Perween Rahman
KATCHI ABADIS
OF KARACHI
A survey of 334 katchi abadis
Existing situation, problems and solutions related
to sewage disposal, water supply, health and education
2004
OF KARACHI
A survey of 334 katchi abadis
Existing situation, problems and solutions related
to sewage disposal, water supply, health and education
Perween Rahman
2004
1. Introduction 5
2. Sewage disposal 7
3. Water supply 13
4. Health 16
5. Education 17
Tables:
1. Katchi abadis surveyed till June 2002 5
2. Existing sewerage system:
people and government's investment 7
3. Existing water lines:
people and government's investment 13
4. Existing Clinics
5.Existing Schools
Appendix:
Appendix-1. Sample of the survey/documentation map 19
Appendix-2. Karachi map showing location of 20
katchi abadis surveyed
Appendix-3. List of katchi abadis surveyed
Copyright (c) Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute 2004
Developed by Sama Editorial and Publishing Services
Designed by Shahbano Alvi
ISBN 969-8784-09-8
Typeset in Garamond
Printed in Pakistan at Noorani Printing & Packaging Industry,Karachi
Published by
ORANGI PILOT PROJECT RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
ST-4, SECTOR 5/A, QASBA COLONY, MANGHOPIR ROAD, KARACHI-75800,
PH: 36652297-36658021 Fax: (92-21) 36699347.
E-mail- opprti@cyber.net.pk,opprti.ngo@gmail.com ,www: oppinstitutions.org,
The Orangi Pilot Project-Research & Training Institute (OPP-RTI) has been mapping and documenting sanitation systems in the katchi abadis1 of Orangi since 1984. This was being done as part of its low-cost sanitation program. However, in 1994, while working outside Orangi in the other katchi abadis of Karachi, it was observed that there was a great deal of work being done on a self-help basis by the communities living in settlements. OPP-RTI realized that there was a need to document this work also in order to (a) understand the extent of community initiatives being undertaken as a whole; (b) to avoid duplication of work being done by the government; (c) to enable people to realize the extent of their own work, and thus strengthen their organizations and capability; (d) to be able to inform the government of the ground reality so that its policies could be formulated to complement the work already undertaken by the people.
OPP-RTI also decided that apart from sewerage it would also document water supply systems, clinics and schools that were set up by these communities as these were important initiatives supporting the water, health and education needs of the people.
The documentation surveys of katchi abadis of Karachi have therefore been going on since 1994. These surveys have been undertaken by trained youths from the settlements who are part of the OPP-RTI youth training program.
Katchi abadis surveyed till June 2002
Total number surveyed: 334 (62%) |
|
| Houses | 2, 24, 299 |
| Lanes | 19,463 |
The people have made a total investment of Rs 334.48 million in lane sewers, water lines, and in some secondary sewers and secondary water lines. Wherever there is sewage disposal (that is, a natural nala, or a government main sewer or drain) and a water main, the people organize, collect money and lay neighborhood level sewers and water lines. The maintenance of these systems is also then organized by the people on a self- help basis. While the government has worked on some lane sewers and water lines (i.e,. 38 per cent and 50 per cent respectively) most of its work has been on main sewers, main drains and water mains.
A total of 1,041clinics and 773 schools have been set up by the people as against 12 government clinics and 143 government schools.
Work in the settlements continues with new developments, expansion and changes in existing facilities, which in fact is a phenomenon of urbanization. People aspire for higher standards of living through better civic facilities. When government agencies do not respond, the residents organize to solve the problems themselves.2
Government partnership with the communities through component-sharing in sewage disposal and water supply distribution is evident on the ground. Component-sharing means that the people construct neighbourhood level sewerage
and water lines on a self help basis while the government complements it by constructing the main sewerage lines and drains as well as the water mains. The case is similar in the health and education sectors. Clinics and schools at the neighbourhood level are set up by the residents while hospitals, colleges and universities remain the responsibility of the government. This partnership on the ground needs to be recognized.
Based on the documentation surveys of 334 katchi abadis and the work of OPP-RTI a conceptual plan for development was prepared which is being presented in this monograph. Statistics, problems and solutions related to each sector are illustrated. The Katchi Abadis surveyed till June 2002, have been included in this monograph.
1-These are poor peoples settlements. Since the early 1970s, katchi abadis all over Pakistan have been recognized by the governmentt.
2-Another example of people's cooperative action is in the lobbying for land title. Out of a total of 539 katchi abadis in Karachi, 72 per cent are notified (i.e., accepted by the government. This means that the process of provision of land title has been approved so the settlement cannot be evicted). Approximately, 29 per cent residents have been provided with land titles. The source for this information is the Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) progress report of June 2003.
For very obvious reasons sanitation is a major concern for the people in any community or settlement. Without proper sewage disposal facilities health, income, socializing, all are impaired. So one of the efforts of the people when seeking to improve their settlements is to develop a good, workable sewage disposal system.
The survey has revealed that people are willing to make major investments to this end, by laying lane sewers and in some cases secondary sewers as well. The government too has laid lane sewers but at a cost which is five times higher than that of the work done by the people.
The criteria for laying lane sewers is the presence of some form of a disposal system. Presently this is mostly in the form of natural nalas/drains. In places the government has undertaken the construction of large secondary sewers/main drains. These often discharge into the city's main natural nalas/drains just as in the rest of the city
areas. Development of these natural nalas/drains into trunk mains and provision of treatment plants where the nalas join the sea remains, as in the case of the large secondary sewers, an important government task
The table below outlines the work done and investments involved.
When extrapolating the work done by the people to what it would be if the same had been undertaken by the government; if the entire work had been done by the government; and lastly if the work had been carried out through foreign aid; the results are interesting, and indeed very revealing:
People's work is worth Rs 439 million, ( if work was done by government)
Total work is worth Rs 970 million (if work was done only by government)
Total work is worth Rs 4 billion (if work was done through foreign aid)
Existing Sewerage System: people and government investment.
Total Lanes |
Lane sewers laid by: |
Main/Sec sewer laid by |
Main drain's laid by Govt |
Investment(Rs in million) by: |
|||||
People |
Govt |
Total |
People |
Govt |
People |
Govt |
Total |
||
19,463 |
10,131(62%) |
6,194(38%) |
16,325(84%) |
317 |
699 |
144 |
179.95mostly on lane sewers |
531.32
mostly on mains |
711.27 |
The problem lies in:
1-Inadequate main disposals which are mostly government
constructed drains / main sewers, and the natural nalas.
The trouble with these are:
.The government drains are open and silted up and so
they tend to overflow.
.The government main sewers are not maintained so
they often choke up
.The natural nalas are not channelized so they are
often silted up and encroached upon.
The work carried out by the people: A pictorial rendition
The solution is :
1-Development and upgrading of existing disposals by:
.Desilting, repairing and covering main drains.
.Constructing, repairing and maintaining main sewers.
.Channelizing the natural nalas into covered drains.
2-Partnership between people and government. Acceptance of the fact that people are financing, constructing and maintaining lane sewers as well as small secondary sewers.
3-Mapping and documentation of existing systems
A healthy environment for the children
Supply of potable water is a major priority in the lives of the people. The government water supply infrastructure does not have the capacity to supply water equitably to the upper, lower and middle-income areas. The people are, therefore, compelled to find their own means to get their rightful share of available water which means investing in the water supply infrastructure.
The survey shows that in many settlements where government water mains exist, people have on their own initiative laid the distribution lines— mostly the lane water lines. However the major problem in water supply is the provision of water itself. In many cases water lines exist but there is no water. In many places people have resorted to boring for subsoil water but the water from these is brackish, and can be used only in the toilet or for cleaning purposes. Water for drinking and cooking is purchased from private tankers, costing an average of Rs400 to 500 per month per house. People are willing to pay the government for the
supply of water because at present they are paying more for the informal connections and supply. Development of the source of water and construction of supply mains has to be the government's responsibility. The people can themselves take care of the distribution.
The table below shows the situation as it stands.
As in the case of sewage disposal, extrapolation to government and foreign aid reveals interesting figures. The worth shown, however, is minimum, as the cost to the people in obtaining water connections and government cost of setting up pumping stations could not be included.
People's work is worth Rs 435.18 million, (if work was done by the government)
Total work in worth Rs 630.94 million ( if work was done only by government)
Total work is worth Rs 2.57 billion ( if work was done through foreign aid).
Total Lanes |
Lane water lines laid by: |
Main/Sec lines laid by |
Investment (Rs in million) by: |
|||||
People |
Govt |
Total |
People |
Govt |
People |
Govt |
Total |
|
19,463 |
6,991(50%) |
6,900(50%) |
13,891(71%) |
70 |
986 |
154.53 mostly on lane sewers |
195.76 mostly on mains |
350.29 |
Existing water lines: people and government's investment
The problem lies in:
1-The shortage or, at times, lack of water which is primarily due to:
-Unequal distribution
-Leakages in and from water mains
-Lack of maps documenting the existing system leading to:
i-a lack of transparency in management; and
ii-adhoc development
The solution lies in:
-Mapping and documentation of the existing system.
-Managing quota and metered supply to settlements, thus ensuring equitable provision of water.
-Plugging of leakages in water mains (both technical leakages and theft).
-Construction of new mains.
-Acceptance of the fact that people do finance, construct and maintain lane and secondary water lines.
Health concerns of children and adults are always tackled by the people. No one waits for the government to build hospitals or clinics when a child is sick, or a mother is about to give birth, or the head of the family cannot work due to ill health.
Private health clinics everywhere provide health services to the people. These are mostly clinics set up by health practitioners where common ailments are treated.
Vaccination and family planning services are increasingly in demand. Most clinics face problems in accessing both.
Government clinics are almost non-existent in the settlements, constituting only 12 (1.14 percent) as compared to 1,041 (98.86 percent) private clinics.
The table below shows the extent the people have managed medical facilities.
1-Supporting existing private clinics by:
-supplying vaccines and family planning components on a sustainable basis.
-providing training to Traditional Birth Attendants, Vaccinators, Lady Health Visitors and Family Planning Attendants.
2-Increasing access to hospitals by upgrading existing ones
3-Building of new hospitals
The solution lies in:
Table 4 :
Existing Clinics
Clinics |
|
Private |
Government |
1,041 |
12 |
The problems are:
1. Lack of vaccines and family planning supplies in the clinics.
2. Lack of trained health personnel in the clinics.
3. Lack of access to hospitals.
This is another sector in which peoples work has to be recognized. The people are aware of the importance of education and so have set up their own schools. These schools far exceed the number of those set up by the government.
Clinics |
|
Private |
Government |
773 |
143 |
a pictorial rendition
The schools set up by the people are formal schools, both at the primary and secondary levels and are run by individuals, living in the areas. The fees charged average Rs 25 to Rs 150/- per student, per month, and the rate increases as the classes go higher.
The government schools are free, but people prefer to pay fees and send their children to private schools, where they contend the education is better.
Due to affordable schooling in the settlements, students have easy access to education upto the tenth grade. However, access to higher education is difficult because of the limited number of seats in government colleges and universities while private institutions are too costly.
Young people's lack of access to higher education has grave socio-economic consequences.
1.Lack of access of private schools to teachers training.
2.Lack of credit facilities/grants for physical up-gradation of private schools.
3.Lack of access to colleges/universities and vocational institutes.
The solution is:
1. To support existing private schools through:
- Teachers training
- Investment in physical up-gradation
2.Increase in capacity of government colleges/universities and vocational centres to ensure access to a greater number of students and
3.Setting up of more government's institutions for higher education
SAMPLE OF THE SURVEY/DOCUMENTATION MAPS. Similar maps of 334 K.A's are available.
ALI MUHAMMAD GOTH
EXISTING SEWERAGE, WATER, CLINICS, SCHOOLS AND THALLAS
Appendix-2
KARACHI MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF KATCHI ABADIS SURVEYED
The Katchi Abadis are located with reference to the numbers in the list on proceeding page.
1 Abbasi Nagar Part-1
2 Abdul Ghafoor Gourgage
3 Abdul Ghafoor village
4 Abdullah village
5 Abuzer Colony
6 Adam Hangora Goth
7 Afridi Colony
8 Akbar Colony
9 Akhtar Colony
10 Ali Basti
11 Ali Mohammad Goth
12 Ali Mohammad village
13 Al-Mustafa Colony
14 Al-Zia Colony
15 Anjuman-e-Ittehad Colony
16 Arafat Town
17 Ashraf Colony
18 Ashraf Colony -2
19 Ashrafabad
20 Asif Colony
21 Awami Colony
22 Ayub Goth
23 Azim Khan Goth
24 Azimabad No.1
25 Azimabad No.2
26 Baloch Para
27 Baloch Colony
28 Baloch Goth
29 Barija village
30 Barsati Shed
31 Bawani Chali - 1
32 Bawani Chali - 2
33 Bawani Chali - 3
34 Behar Colony
35 Bhittai Colony
36 Bhutto Nagar
37 Bilal Colony
38 Bilal Colony
39 Bilal Shah Noorani Goth
40 Brohi Mohallah
41 Bund Gali
42 Burmi & Sharif Colony
43 Central Muslimabad
44 Chakara Goth Chakra Colony & Noorani Basti
45 Chouta Maidan
46 Christian Town
47 Chitagong Colony
48 Choona Depo
49 Dara Nagar
50 Darwaish Colony
51 Dawood Chali Colony
52 Doha Village
53 Ejaz Colony
54 Essa Goth
55 Essa Nagri
56 Essa Village
57 Farooqabad
58 Farooq-e-Azam Colony
59 Ferozabad
60 Firdous Chali Colony
61 Firdous Colony
62 Future Colony - 1
63 Future Colony - 2
64 Gabol Town
65 Gazderabad
66 Generalabad
67 Gharib Nawaz Colony
68 Gharib Nawaz Colony
69 Gharibabad
70 Ghousia Colony
71 Ghousia Noorani Pahari Basti
72 Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Colony
73 Ghulam Mohammad village
74 Gilgit Colony
75 Goharabad
76 Golimar Bazar
77 Gujar nala
78 Gul Mohammad village
79 Gulshan-e-Mustafa Colony
80 Gunj Shakar Colony
81 Hadi Mill
82 Haider Colony
83 Haji Mureed Goth
84 Haji Perie village
85 Haroonabad
86 Haroonabad - 2
87 Hasan Aulia village
88 Hashim Goth
89 Hasrat Mohani Colony
90 Hazara Colony
91 Hijrat Colony
92 Hill Area
93 Hundred Quarter
94 Islamia Colony
95 Islamia Colony No. 2
96 Jalalabad
97 Jamal Goth
98 Jamali Colony
99 Jamhoria Colony
100 Jauhar Colony
101 Jauhar Street
102 Jehangirabad
103 Jinjan Goth
104 Jinnah Colony
105 Jadgal Village
106 Junejo Town
107 Kachi Para
108 Kashmir Colony
109 Kauser Niazi Colony
110 Khalidabad
111 Khamosh Colony
112 Khandoo Goth
113 Khawaja Ajmair Nagri
114 Khawaja Gharib Nawaz Colony
115 Khuldabad 1
116 Khuldabad 2
117 Khuldabad 3
118 Khyber Colony
119 Kohat Colony
120 Liaquat Basti
121 M.P.R. Colony
122 Madina Colony, Gulshan
123 Madina Colony, Landhi
124 Madina Colony
125 Madina Market
126 Makhdoom Colony
127 Malik Anwar Goth
128 Malir Shed-2
129 Manzoor Colony
130 Mariumabad
131 Maseeh Colony
132 Masoom Shah Colony
133 Mecca Colony
134 Mehran Colony
135 Mehtab Colony
136 Mansehra Colony
137 Miskeenabad
138 Mistri Khan Village
139 Moosa Colony
140 Muhammad Ali Colony
141 Muhammad Ali Colony
142 Muhammad Hussain Goth
143 Muhammad Nagar
144 Muhammadabad
145 Mujahid Colony
146 Mujahid Colony (Nazimabad)
147 Millat Nagar
148 Muslim Colony
149 Muslim Rajput Colony
150 Muslimabad
151 Muslimabad
152 Muslimabad `D' Area
153 Mussarat Colony
154 Mustafa Taj Colony
155 Mustafa Colony
156 Naghman Goth
157 Natal Colony
158 Naubehar Colony
159 Nazimabad
160 New Muslimabad
161 Nishtarabad
162 Noor Muhammad village
163 Noorani Basti
* Orangi: 113 settlements are included
in the end
164 Pahar Gunj
165 Pak People Colony
166 Pasban Mohallah
167 Pathan Colony - 1/2
168 Pathan Colony -3
169 Pathan Colony 4/5
170 Pehlwan Goth
171 Pirabad
172 Punjabi Para
173 Punjabi Para (Malir)
174 Qabli Colony
175 Qadeemi Mohallah
176 Qadria Colony
177 Qasimabad
178 Quaidabad
179 Quaid-e-Azam Colony
180 Rajput Colony
181 Rehmanabad
182 Rehmatia Colony
183 Reti Line
184 Rexer Colony 1/2
185 Roodad Nagar (Nazimabad)
186 Roshan Shah Sikri Colony
187 Roshanabad
188 Sabirah Goth
189 Salai Para
190 Saleh Muhammad village
191 Sarfraz Colony
192 Sarhad Ittehad Colony & Dhobi Ghat
193 Sadiqabad
194 Shad Rasool Colony
195 Shafiq Colony
196 Shah Dost village
197 Shah Jahanabad - 2
198 Shah Khalid Colony
199 Shah Khalid Colony
200 Shahjehanabad-1
201 Sherpao Colony
202 Sherabad
203 Siraj Colony
204 Sultanabad 1/2
205 Tekri Colony
206 Tayababad
207 U.P. Mohajreen Colony
208 Umar Baloch Goth
209 Umer Colony
210 Usman Ghani Colony
211 Usmanabad
212 Usmania Colony
213 Usmania Mohajir Colony
214 Vagri Village
215 Waheedabad
216 Waliyatabad
217 Welfare Colony
218 Yasin Zubair Colony
219 Zahidabad
220 Zia Colony
221 Ziaul Haq Colony
222 - 334 Orangi Katchi Abadis: Total
ORANGI PILOT PROJECT RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
ST-4, SECTOR 5/A, QASBA COLONY, MANGHOPIR ROAD, KARACHI-75800,
PH: 36652297-36658021 Fax: (92-21) 36699347.
E-mail- opprti@cyber.net.pk,opprti.ngo@gmail.com, www: oppinstitutions.com
OF KARACHI